Our aim in this study was to provide evidence of an association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the incidence of chronic kidney disease, as well as to determine whether there is a relationship between chronic kidney disease and both the dose and time of exposure to proton pump inhibitors.
We observed that the use of proton pump inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease, with this association being greater at high doses and becoming evident after three months of exposure.
From a statistical point of view, it is worth noting that this is the first study worldwide in which the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) was used within the Bayesian approach to make inferences in an Andersen-Gill model. These statistical methods allow us to minimize methodological problems that are not contemplated in other studies, such as the existence of non-proportional risks, individual heterogeneity, both constant and time-dependent, as well as the presence of unobserved confounding factors.